Air conditioning system converts hot high-pressure liquid refrigerant of the compressor to cold lower-pressure vapour at the evaporator, which cools the airflow to be delivered to the vents by a discontinuous change in pressure. Most cars have a detachable controlled orifice in one of the air conditioning pipes at the firewall, some also have an expansion valve that functions in the same manner. In order to take out the expansion valve, a licensed technician is required to empty the air conditioning system. After that, the heat shield fasteners and the heat shield may be taken off, and the refrigerant lines can be unconnected at the firewall where they are attached to the expansion valve. Once the valve has been fixed on with bolts, it is removable. The reverse applies to installation whereby all the O-rings are changed to new one.