The Volkswagen Golf Oxygen Sensor informs the engine computer whether the air and fuel in the cylinders are combusting in the appropriate proportion, which helps the engine to maintain constant power without increasing tailpipe emissions. Fitted to the exhaust and housed within a steel shell, its core is a type of zirconium dioxide coated with platinum to detect the oxygen levels in hot exhaust gas against outside air and immediately generate a small voltage that fluctuates between approximately 0.1 volts and 0.9 volts. These high frequency swings are read by the control unit, and pulse widths of the injector are lengthened and shortened until the catalytic converter is able to operate optimally. Each of the modern Volkswagen Golf series has at minimum two Oxygen Sensor devices, upstream, which is applied to control mixture in closed loop, and downstream, which is applied to monitor the health of the converter. The earlier Volkswagen models were built on a narrow band style that merely switches between rich and lean, whereas many current Volkswagen Golf vehicles have elevated some of the positions to a wideband style, which takes a larger range and reports data using current instead of voltage, enabling even finer adjustment of the fuel. Both models feature internal heaters in order to achieve approximately 600 degrees Fahrenheit within a few minutes after start-up, and standard Volkswagen Golf circuitry provides power to the heaters. The sensing element can be polluted by age, leakage of coolant, oil burning, silicone sealants, or fuel additives, thereby slackening response, causing a warning lamp, damaging fuel mileage, and raising emissions, and therefore replacing the worn-out Oxygen Sensor restores response to normal.
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