The injectors may wear out over time, and will need reconditioning or replacement on average after 60000 miles (100000 km). A specialist should do accurate testing, overhaul and calibration. To determine a faulty injector that results in the production of a knock or smoke, then start the engine at a fast idle and loosen each injector connection one by one with a rag (be sure not to get any of the spray on the skin) the knocking or smoke will stop once the fitting of the faulty injector has been loosened. The removal process must avoid the entry of dirt to injectors or fuel lines and caution should be taken not to spill the injectors or damage the precision tips. Start by disconnection of the negative lead of the battery and cover the alternator to prevent spillage of fuel. When the stereo of the vehicle has an anti-theft mechanism, be sure that the activation code is not lost when removing the battery. Wipe around injectors and the line fitting nuts and detach the return line off the injector. Wipe the line fittings then loosen the fitting nuts that anchor the injector lines and the lines to the back of the injection pump but leave that adapter in place with an adequate wrench so that it does not unscrew out of the pump. Take out the injector lines as a single unit and it should contain the injector and the line fittings to keep dirt out and the cut fingertips of an old rubber glove with elastic bands should be used over the open fittings. Using a deep socket or box wrench, unscrew the injector, take it off the cylinder head and retrieve the heat shield washer. To install, screw a new heat shield washer on the cylinder head with the convex part downwards, then screw injector and screw it to a given torque. Install the injector lines, screw the fitting nuts to the required torque requirements and renegotiate any clamps as indicated before their removal. Safely re-attach the injector connection to the return line, re-connect the battery and test the engine.